State
Turkey
country in West Asia and Southeast Europe
- This boundary
- 1923–1945
- Founded
- 1923
- Capital
- Ankara
- Government
- unitary state, presidential system
- Languages
- Turkish
- Preceded by
- Ottoman Empire
Overview
Turkey, officially the Republic of Türkiye, is a country mainly located in Anatolia in West Asia, with a smaller part called East Thrace in Southeast Europe. It borders the Black Sea to the north; Georgia, Armenia, Azerbaijan, and Iran to the east; Iraq, Syria, and the Mediterranean Sea to the south; and the Aegean Sea, Greece, and Bulgaria to the west. Turkey is home to over 86 million people; most are ethnic Turks, while Kurds are the largest ethnic minority. Officially a secular state, Turkey has a Muslim-majority population. Ankara is Turkey's capital and second-largest city. Istanbul is its largest city and economic center. Other major cities include İzmir, Bursa, and Antalya.
All rulers (2)
- Mustafa Kemal Atatürk1923–1938
- İsmet İnönü1938–1950
Records (499)
- 610–609 BCE — Fall of HarranSiege
- 609 BCE — Siege of HarranSiege
- 606 BCE — Siege of KimuhuSiege
- 605 BCE — Battle of CarchemishBattle
- 585 BCE — Battle of HalysBattle
- 547 BCE — Battle of PteriaBattle
- 547 BCE — Battle of ThymbraBattle
- 547 BCE — Siege of SardisSiege
- 510 BCE — Siege of ByzanceSiege
- 498 BCE — Battle of EphesusBattle
- 498 BCE — Siege of SardisSiege
- 479–478 BCE — Siege of SestosSiege
- 478 BCE — Siege of ByzantiumSiege
- 438 BCE — Siege of ByzanceSiege
- 412 BCE — Battle of MiletNaval battle
- 411 BCE — Battle of AbydosNaval battle
- 411 BCE — Battle of CynossemaNaval battle
- 410 BCE — Battle of CyzicusNaval battle
- 409 BCE — Battle of EphesusBattle
- 409–408 BCE — Siege of ChalcedonSiege
- 408 BCE — Siege of ByzantiumSiege
- 406 BCE — Battle of ArginusaeNaval battle
- 405 BCE — Battle of AegospotamiNaval battle
- 395 BCE — Battle of SardisBattle
- 395 BCE — Siege of SardesSiege
- 388 BCE — Battle of CremasteBattle
- 366–360 BCE — Revolt of the SatrapsRebellion
- 340–339 BCE — Siege of ByzantiumSiege
- 340–339 BCE — Siege of PerinthusSiege
- 340–339 BCE — Siege of PerinthusSiege
- 334 BCE — Battle of the GranicusBattle
- 334 BCE — Siege of HalicarnassusSiege
- 334 BCE — Siege of MiletusSiege
- 334 BCE — Siege of TermessosSiege
- 333 BCE — Battle of IssusBattle
- 321 BCE — Battle of the HellespontBattle
- 319 BCE — Battle of CretopolisBattle
- 319–318 BCE — Siege of NoraSiege
- 317 BCE — Battle of ByzantiumNaval battle
- 315 BCE — Battle of AphrodisiasBattle
- 301 BCE — Battle of IpsusBattle
- 281 BCE — Battle of CorupediumBattle
- 278–277 BCE — Siege of ByzanceSiege
- 277 BCE — Battle of LysimachiaBattle
- 275 BCE — Elephant BattleBattle
- 251 BCE — Siege of ByzanceSiege
- 239 BCE — Battle of AncyraBattle
- 218 BCE — Battle of SelgeBattle
- 218 BCE — Siege of PednelissusSiege
- 201 BCE — Battle of LadeNaval battle
- 200 BCE — Siege of AbydosSiege
- 197 BCE — Battle of AlabandaBattle
- 191 BCE — Battle of CorycusNaval battle
- 190 BCE — Battle of MagnesiaBattle
- 190 BCE — Battle of MyonessusBattle
- 190 BCE — Capture of PhocaeaBattle
- 189 BCE — Battle of Mount OlympusBattle
- 145 BCE — Battle of the OenoparusBattle
- 130 BCE — Battle of StratoniceaBattle
- 89 BCE — Battle of ProtopachiumBattle
- 81 BCE — Siege of MytileneSiege
- 74 BCE — Battle of ChalcedonBattle
- 73 BCE — Siege of CyzicusBattle
- 73 BCE — Battle of the RhyndacusBattle
- 73–70 BCE — Siege of AmisusSiege
- 72 BCE — Battle of CabiraBattle
- 72–70 BCE — Siege of AmaseiaSiege
- 72–71 BCE — Siege of HeracleaSiege
- 72 BCE — Siege of ByzanceSiege
- 71 BCE — Siege of SinopeSiege
- 71 BCE — Siege of ThemiscyraSiege
- 69 BCE — Battle of TigranocertaBattle
- 68 BCE — Siege of NisibisSiege
- 67 BCE — Battle of ZelaBattle
- 67 BCE — Battle of KorakesionNaval battle
- 53 BCE — Battle of CarrhaeBattle
- 51 BCE — Siege of AntiochBattle
- 47 BCE — Battle of ZelaBattle
- 43 BCE — Battle of Cape MyndusNaval battle
- 163 CE — Siege of EdessaSiege
- 165 CE — Siege of EdessaSiege
- 193 CE — Battle of CyzicusBattle
- 193 CE — Battle of NicaeaBattle
- 193–195 CE — Siege of ByzantiumSiege
- 194 CE — Battle of IssusBattle
- 217 CE — Battle of NisibisBattle
- 218 CE — Battle of AntiochBattle
- 235 CE — Siege of NisibisSiege
- 252 CE — Siege of NisibisSiege
- 253 CE — Siege of AntiochSiege
- 260 CE — Battle of EdessaBattle
- 260 CE — Siege of AntiochSiege
- 260 CE — Siege of CaesareaSiege
- 272 CE — Siege of TyanaSiege
- 313 CE — Battle of TzirallumBattle
- 313 CE — Siege of ByzanceSiege
- 324 CE — Battle of Adrianople (324)Battle
- 324 CE — Battle of ChrysopolisBattle
- 324 CE — Battle of the HellespontBattle
- 324 CE — Siege of ByzantiumSiege
- 326 CE — Siege of NisibisSiege
- 336 CE — Siege of AmidaSiege
- 337 CE — Siege of NisibisSiege
- 350 CE — Siege of NisibisSiege
- 359 CE — Siege of AmidaSiege
- 360 CE — Constantius II's Siege of BezabdeSiege
- 360 CE — Shapur II's Siege of BezabdeSiege
- 366 CE — Battle of ThyatiraBattle
- 368 CE — Siege of ArtogerassaSiege
- 371 CE — Battle of BagavanBattle
- 378 CE — Battle of AdrianopleBattle
- 378 CE — Battle of ConstantinopleBattle
- 378 CE — Siege of AdrianopleSiege
- 481 CE — Battle of AkoriBattle
- 492 CE — Battle of CotyaeumBattle
- 502–503 CE — Siege of AmidaSiege
- 502 CE — Siege of MartyropolisSiege
- 528 CE — Battle of MindouosBattle
- 530 CE — Battle of DaraBattle
- 530 CE — Battle of SatalaBattle
- 531 CE — Siege of MartyropolisSiege
- 532 CE — Nika RiotsRebellion
- 540 CE — Siege of AntiochSiege
- 541 CE — Battle of NisibisBattle
- 541 CE — Siege of SisauranonSiege
- 544 CE — Siege of EdessaSiege
- 559 CE — Battle of MelantiasBattle
- 559 CE — Battle by the Anastasian WallBattle
- 573 CE — Siege of DaraSiege
- 573 CE — Siege of NisibisSiege
- 581 CE — Battle of ConstantiaBattle
- 586 CE — Battle of SolachonBattle
- 588 CE — Battle of MartyropolisBattle
- 589 CE — Battle of SisauranonBattle
- 602 CE — Battle of Odzi KaghakBattle
- 605 CE — Battle of ArzamonBattle
- 610 CE — Siege of EdessaSiege
- 613 CE — Battle of AntiochBattle
- 622 CE — Heraclius' campaign of 622Campaign
- 626 CE — Siege of ConstantinopleBattle
- 636 CE — Siege of LatakiaSiege
- 637 CE — Battle of the Iron BridgeBattle
- 638 CE — Siege of GermaniciaSiege
- 647 CE — Battle of ArtsapBattle
- 668 CE — Siege of ConstantinopleSiege
- 669 CE — Siege of ConstantinopleSiege
- 674–678 CE — Siege of ConstantinopleSiege
- 692 CE — Battle of SebastopolisBattle
- 707–708 CE — Siege of TyanaSiege
- 708 CE — Battle of AmoriumBattle
- 715 CE — Siege of ConstantinopleSiege
- 717–718 CE — Siege of ConstantinopleBattle
- 718 CE — Battle of AdrianópolisBattle
- 727 CE — Siege of NicaeaBattle
- 766 CE — Siege of KamachaSiege
- 778 CE — Battle of GermaniciaBattle
- 788 CE — Battle of KopidnadonBattle
- 813 CE — Siege of ConstantinopleSiege
- 813 CE — Siege of Adrianople (813)Battle
- 821–823 CE — Siege of ConstantinopleSiege
- 838 CE — Sack of AmoriumBattle
- 859 CE — Siege of SamosataSiege
- 860 CE — Siege of ConstantinopleSiege
- 860 CE — Battle of ChonarionBattle
- 862 CE — Capture of FarurriyahSiege
- 863 CE — Battle of LalakaonBattle
- 872 CE — Battle of Bathys RyaxBattle
- 872 CE — Battle of KardiaBattle
- 896 CE — Battle of BoulgarophygonBattle
- 907 CE — Rus'–Byzantine War of 907War
- 914 CE — Battle of AdrianopleBattle
- 914 CE — Battle of AdrianópolisBattle
- 914 CE — Siege of QueliSiege
- 917 CE — Battle of KatasyrtaiBattle
- 921 CE — Battle of PegaeBattle
- 922 CE — Battle of ConstantinopleBattle
- 941–944 CE — Rus'–Byzantine War of 941–944War
- 953 CE — Battle of MarashBattle
- 954 CE — Battle of HadathBattle
- 955 CE — Siege of HadathSiege
- 963 CE — Battle of AdanaBattle
- 968–969 CE — Siege of AntiochSiege
- 969 CE — Siege of ManzikertSiege
- 970 CE — Battle of ArcadiopolisBattle
- 970–971 CE — Siege of AntiochSiege
- 971 CE — Battle of AlexandrettaBattle
- 972 CE — Battle of AdrianópolisBattle
- 978–979 CE — Battle of PankaliaBattle
- 988 CE — Battle of ChrysopolisBattle
- 989 CE — Battle of AbydosBattle
- 1003 — Battle of AdrianópolisBattle
- 1022 — Battle of SvindaxBattle
- 1042 — Battle of AniBattle
- 1043 — Rus'–Byzantine War of 1043War
- 1043 — Battle of Iskrest LighthouseNaval battle
- 1048 — Battle of KapetronBattle
- 1054 — Siege of ManzikertSiege
- 1064 — Siege of AniSiege
- 1067 — Battle of CaesareaBattle
- 1069 — Battle of IconiumBattle
- 1070 — Battle of SebastiaBattle
- 1071 — Battle of ManzikertBattle
- 1073 — Battle of CaesareaBattle
- 1074 — Battle of the Zompe BridgeBattle
- 1077–1078 — Siege of NicéeSiege
- 1078 — Battle of KalavryeBattle
- 1080 — Battle of QueliBattle
- 1084 — Siege of AntiochSiege
- 1084–1085 — Siege of AntiochSiege
- 1085 — Siege of MayyafariqinSiege
- 1091 — Battle of LevounionBattle
- 1094 — Battle of AdrianópolisBattle
- 1096 — Siege of XerigordonSiege
- 1096 — Battle of CivetotBattle
- 1097–1098 — Siege of AntiochSiege
- 1097 — Battle of DorylaeumBattle
- 1097 — Siege of NicaeaSiege
- 1098 — Battle of AntiochBattle
- 1098 — Battle of the Bridge GateBattle
- 1100 — Battle of MeliteneBattle
- 1101 — Battle of MersivanBattle
- 1101 — Battles of HeracleaBattle
- 1104 — Battle of HarranBattle
- 1104 — Siege of EdessaSiege
- 1113 — Siege of NicaeaSiege
- 1113 — Battle of CotyaeumBattle
- 1116 — Battle of BolvadinBattle
- 1119 — Siege of LaodiceaBattle
- 1120 — Siege of SozopolisSiege
- 1120 — Battle of ŞiranBattle
- 1124 — Siege of AniSiege
- 1137 — Siege of TarsusSiege
- 1144 — Siege of EdessaSiege
- 1145 — Fall of SarujBattle
- 1146 — Siege of EdessaSiege
- 1146 — Battle of AcroënusBattle
- 1147 — Battle of DorylaeumBattle
- 1147 — Battle of EphesusBattle
- 1147 — Battle of LaodiceaBattle
- 1150 — Battle of AintabBattle
- 1151 — Fall of TurbesselBattle
- 1152 — Battle of MamistraBattle
- 1161 — Siege of AniSiege
- 1165 — Battle of TarsusBattle
- 1176 — Battle of MyriokephalonBattle
- 1179 — Siege of ClaudiopolisSiege
- 1182 — Siege of CotyaeumSiege
- 1190 — Battle of IconiumBattle
- 1194 — Battle of ArcadiopolisBattle
- 1199 — Liberation of AniBattle
- 1202 — Battle of BasianBattle
- 1203 — Siege of ConstantinopleBattle
- 1204 — Siege of ConstantinopleSiege
- 1205 — Battle of AdrianopleBattle
- 1205–1206 — Siege of TrebizondSiege
- 1205 — Battle of AdramyttiumBattle
- 1206 — Battle of RodostoBattle
- 1207 — Siege of AntalyaBattle
- 1208–1209 — Siege of ArcheshSiege
- 1214 — Siege of SinopeSiege
- 1218 — Battle of KebanBattle
- 1221 — Siege of KalonorosSiege
- 1222–1223 — Siege of TrebizondSiege
- 1224 — Battle of PoimanenonBattle
- 1230 — Battle of YassıçemenBattle
- 1235 — Siege of ConstantinopleSiege
- 1241 — Battle of ConstantinopleBattle
- 1242 — Siege of ErzurumSiege
- 1259–1260 — Siege of MayyāfāriqīnSiege
- 1260 — Siege of ConstantinopleSiege
- 1261 — Reconquest of ConstantinopleBattle
- 1266 — Battle of MariBattle
- 1268 — Siege of AntiochSiege
- 1276 — Second Battle of Sarvandik'arBattle
- 1277 — Battle of ElbistanBattle
- 1282 — Siege of TrebizondSiege
- 1282 — Battle of Mount ArmeniaBattle
- 1287 — Battle of DomaniçBattle
- 1288 — Siege of KaracahisarSiege
- 1292 — Siege of RumkaleSiege
- 1294 — Battle of LaiazzoNaval battle
- 1299 — Siege of İnegölSiege
- 1302 — Battle of BapheusBattle
- 1303 — Battle of the CyzicusBattle
- 1304 — Battle of AniaBattle
- 1304 — Battle of CibistraBattle
- 1304 — Battle of GermeBattle
- 1304 — Siege of Magnesia ad SipylumSiege
- 1305 — Battle of AprosBattle
- 1305 — Battle of GallipoliBattle
- 1305–1306 — Siege of MadytusSiege
- 1306 — Battle of GallipoliBattle
- 1312 — Battle of GallipoliBattle
- 1317–1326 — Siege of BursaBattle
- 1321 — Siege of MudanyaSiege
- 1328–1331 — Siege of NicaeaSiege
- 1329 — Battle of PelekanonBattle
- 1331 — Battle of AdrianopleBattle
- 1333–1337 — Siege of NicomediaSiege
- 1336 — Battle of Qara DarraBattle
Facts from Wikidata (CC0), HCED (CC0) and Cliopatria (CC BY 4.0); overview excerpted from Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0).