State
Russian Empire
former empire in Eurasia and North America (1721–1917)
- This boundary
- 1721–1917
- Founded
- 1721
- Ended
- 1917
- Capital
- Saint Petersburg, Moscow
- Government
- absolute monarchy, constitutional monarchy
- Languages
- Russian, Polish, Finnish, Swedish
- Preceded by
- Talysh KhanatePrincipality of AbkhaziaShahrisabz beylikTsardom of Russia
- Succeeded by
- Russian Republic
Overview
The Russian Empire was an empire that extended across northern Eurasia from 1721 until the proclamation of the Russian Republic in 1917, forming the final era of Tsarist Russia and the wider Russian monarchy. At its height in the late 19th century, it covered about 22,800,000 km2 (8,800,000 sq mi), roughly one-sixth of the world's landmass, making it the third-largest empire in history, behind only the British and Mongol empires. The 1897 Russian census found a population of 126 million with considerable ethnic, linguistic, religious, and socioeconomic diversity.
All rulers (15)
- Peter the Great1721–1725
- Catherine I of Russia1725–1727
- Peter II of Russia1727–1730
- Anna I of Russia1730–1740
- Ivan VI of Russia1740–1741
- Elizabeth I of Russia1741–1762
- Catherine II of Russia1762–1796
- Peter III of Russia1762
- Paul I of Russia1796–1801
- Alexander I of Russia1801–1825
- Nicholas I of Russia1825–1855
- Alexander II of Russia1855–1881
- Alexander III of Russia1881–1894
- Nicholas II of Russia1894–1917
- Grand Duke Michael Alexandrovich of Russia1917
Records (383)
- 1581–1585 — Third Cheremis WarWar
- 1701–1774 — Sixth Russo-Turkish WarWar
- 1703 — Battle at the Mouth of the NevaNaval battle
- 1704 — Siege of TartuSiege
- 1709 — Treaty of CopenhagenTreaty
- 1711–1864 — Russian–Circassian WarWar
- 1712 — Naval battle off RügenNaval battle
- 1719 — Battle of StäketBattle
- 1722–1723 — Capture of RashtSiege
- 1723 — Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1723)Treaty
- 1732 — Treaty of the Three Black Eagles#Löwenwolde's TreatyTreaty
- 1732 — Battle of Chechen-AulBattle
- 1734 — Battle of WyszecinemBattle
- 1735–1740 — Bashkir rebellion of 1735–1740Rebellion
- 1737 — Battle of Cape LoriNaval battle
- 1737 — Battle of HenicheskNaval battle
- 1739 — Fifth Russo-Turkish WarWar
- 1741–1743 — Russo-Swedish War of 1741-1743War
- 1747 — Teptyar-Bobyl uprising of 1747Rebellion
- 1755–1756 — Bashkir rebellion of 1755—1756Rebellion
- 1756–1763 — Seven Years' WarWar
- 1756–1763 — Third Silesian WarWar
- 1757–1762 — Pomeranian WarWar
- 1758–1846 — Qing-Kyrgyz WarWar
- 1759 — Battle of KunersdorfBattle
- 1760 — Russo-Prussian allianceTreaty
- 1763–1864 — Caucasian WarWar
- 1769 — Siege of St. Elizabeth fortressSiege
- 1770 — Battle of NaupliaNaval battle
- 1770 — Siege of Lemnos (1770)Siege
- 1770 — Siege of Modon (1770)Siege
- 1770 — Battle of ToprakadaNaval battle
- 1770 — Battle of MonemvasiaNaval battle
- 1770 — Battle of HydraNaval battle
- 1771 — Plague RiotRebellion
- 1771 — Storming of Giurgiu (1771)Siege
- 1771 — Capture of Giurgiu (1771)Battle
- 1771 — Siege of LesbosSiege
- 1772 — Action of 6 November 1772Naval battle
- 1773 — Battle of Kos (1773)Battle
- 1774 — Treaty of Küçük KaynarcaTreaty
- 1774 — Battle of BodrumBattle
- 1774 — Battle of BeshtamakBattle
- 1774 — Battle of KazanBattle · Russia ▸ Cossack Rebels
- 1774 — Battle of TatishchevoBattle · Russia ▸ Cossack Rebels
- 1774 — Battle of TsaritsynBattle · Russia ▸ Rebel Cossacks
- 1779 — Treaty of AynalıkavakTreaty
- 1779 — Seven Months' WarWar
- 1785 — Battle of MokhisiBattle
- 1785 — Battle of GrigoripolisBattle
- 1787–1792 — Seventh Russo-Turkish WarWar
- 1787 — Battle of KinburnBattle
- 1787 — Battle of OchakivNaval battle
- 1788–1790 — Russo-Swedish War of 1788–1790War
- 1788 — Battle of FidonisiNaval battle
- 1788 — Battle of HoglandNaval battle
- 1788 — Naval actions at the siege of OchakovNaval battle
- 1788 — Capture of the frigate KilduinNaval battle
- 1789 — Battle of RymnikBattle
- 1789 — Battle of FocșaniBattle
- 1789 — First Battle of SvensksundNaval battle
- 1789 — Battle of KaipiaisBattle
- 1789 — Battle of FredrikshamnBattle · Russia ▸ Sweden
- 1789 — Battle of SvenskundBattle · Russia ▸ Sweden
- 1790 — Battle of SvensksundNaval battle
- 1790 — Battle of TendraNaval battle
- 1790 — Battle of AndrosNaval battle
- 1790 — Second Battle of FredrikshamnNaval battle
- 1790 — Battle of FredrikshamnBattle · Sweden ▸ Russia
- 1790 — Battle of Kronstadt BayBattle
- 1790 — Battle of RevalBattle · Russia ▸ Sweden
- 1790 — Battle of SvenskundBattle · Sweden ▸ Russia
- 1790 — Battle of Vyborg BayBattle
- 1792–1802 — French Revolutionary WarsWar
- 1792 — Treaty of JassyTreaty
- 1792 — Polish–Russian War of 1792War
- 1792 — Battle of ZieleńceBattle
- 1792 — Battle of DubienkaBattle
- 1792 — Battle of BoruszkowceBattle
- 1792 — Battle of MirBattle
- 1792 — Battle of MarkuszówBattle
- 1792 — Battle of ZelvaBattle
- 1792 — Battle of Brest (1792)Battle
- 1792 — Battle of OpsaBattle
- 1792 — Battle of WojszkiBattle
- 1792 — Battle of KrzemieńBattle
- 1792 — Battle of StołpcamiBattle
- 1792–1794 — Yesaulovsky RiotRebellion
- 1794 — Battle of Saločiai (1794)Battle
- 1794 — Battle of PolanamiBattle
- 1794 — Battle of NemenčinėBattle
- 1794 — Battle of SołyBattle
- 1796 — Persian Expedition of 1796War
- 1796 — Battle of Derbent (1796)Battle
- 1798–1802 — War of the Second CoalitionWar
- 1798–1799 — Siege of CorfuSiege
- 1799 — Suvorov's Italian campaignCampaign
- 1799–1801 — Spanish–Russian WarWar
- 1799 — Capture of BergamoBattle
- 1799 — Siege of AnconaSiege
- 1799 — Siege of AlessandriaSiege
- 1800–1864 — Russian conquest of the CaucasusWar
- 1800 — Battle of NiakhuraBattle
- 1804–1813 — Russo-Persian War of 1804–13War
- 1804 — Battle of GanjaBattle
- 1804 — Siege of ErivanSiege
- 1805 — Battle of AusterlitzBattle
- 1805–1806 — War of the Third CoalitionWar
- 1805 — Battle of DürensteinBattle
- 1806 — Battle of PułtuskBattle
- 1806 — Invasion of NaplesInvasion
- 1807 — Treaties of TilsitTreaty
- 1807–1812 — Anglo-Russian WarWar
- 1807 — Battle of AthosNaval battle
- 1807 — Defense of GumraBattle
- 1808–1809 — Finnish WarWar
- 1808–1809 — Dano-Swedish War of 1808-1809War
- 1808 — Battle of SiikajokiBattle
- 1808 — Siege of ErivanSiege
- 1808 — Battle of SandöströmNaval battle
- 1808 — Battle of GrönvikssundNaval battle
- 1808 — Battle of LokalaksBattle
- 1808 — Battle of BockholmssundNaval battle
- 1808 — Battle of Kimito StraitNaval battle
- 1808 — Battle of the NargöNaval battle
- 1809 — Treaty of FredrikshamnTreaty
- 1809 — Battle of MaltakvaBattle
- 1810 — Battle of AkhalkalakiBattle · Russia ▸ Persia
- 1812 — French invasion of RussiaWar
- 1812 — Treaty of BucharestTreaty
- 1812 — Battle of SmolenskBattle
- 1812 — Battle of KrasnoiBattle
- 1812 — Battle of WolkowiskBattle
- 1812 — Battles of Vilnius (1812)Battle
- 1812 — Treaty of Saint PetersburgTreaty
- 1812 — Treaty of Velikiye LukiTreaty
- 1812 — Battle of PowiewiórkaBattle
- 1812 — Battle of ChumlakiBattle
- 1812 — Capture of VitebskBattle
- 1812 — Battle of ArkivanBattle
- 1812 — Battle of BerezinaBattle · Russia ▸ France
- 1812 — Battle of Bolshoi-StakhovBattle · France ▸ Russia
- 1812 — Battle of BorisovBattle · Russia ▸ France, Poland
- 1812 — Battle of BorodinoBattle · France ▸ Russia
- 1812 — Battle of CzasnikiBattle · Russia ▸ France, Swiss Confederation, German allies
- 1812 — Battle of DahlenkirchenBattle · Russia ▸ Prussia
- 1812 — Battle of EckauBattle · Prussia ▸ Russia, United Kingdom
- 1812 — Battle of InkovoBattle · Russia ▸ France
- 1812 — Battle of JacobovoBattle · France ▸ Russia
- 1812 — Battle of KlystitsyBattle · Russia ▸ France
- 1812 — Battle of KobrynBattle · Russia ▸ Saxony
- 1812 — Battle of KovnoBattle · Russia ▸ France
- 1812 — Battle of Krasnoye (1st)Battle · France ▸ Russia
- 1812 — Battle of Krasnoye (2nd)Battle · France ▸ Russia
- 1812 — Battle of LoshnitzaBattle · France ▸ Russia
- 1812 — Battle of MaloyaroslavetzBattle · France ▸ Russia
- 1812 — Battle of MirBattle · France ▸ Russia
- 1812 — Battle of MogilevBattle · France ▸ Russia
- 1812 — Battle of OstrownoBattle · France ▸ Russia
- 1812 — Battle of Polotsk (1st)Battle · France, Bavaria ▸ Russia
- 1812 — Battle of Polotsk (2nd)Battle · Russia ▸ France, Bavaria
- 1812 — Battle of RomanovBattle · France, Polish Legion ▸ Russia
- 1812 — Battle of ShevardinoBattle · France ▸ Russia
- 1812 — Battle of SmoliantsyBattle · Russia ▸ France
- 1812 — Battle of TarontinBattle · Russia ▸ France
- 1812 — Battle of ValutinoBattle
- 1812 — Battle of VinkovoBattle · Russia ▸ France
- 1812 — Battle of VyazmaBattle · France ▸ Russia
- 1813 — Battle of LeipzigBattle
- 1813 — Treaty of GulistanTreaty
- 1813 — Treaty of TöplitzTreaty
- 1813 — Siege of BredaSiege
- 1813 — Siege of ToruńSiege
- 1814 — Treaty of FontainebleauTreaty
- 1814 — Treaty of ChaumontTreaty
- 1814 — Battle of CraonneBattle
- 1815 — Hundred DaysCampaign
- 1817 — Treaty of MadridTreaty
- 1818 — Quintuple AllianceTreaty
- 1819–1820 — Imereti Uprising of 1819-1820Rebellion
- 1825 — Decembrist revoltRebellion
- 1826–1828 — Russo-Persian War of 1826–28War
- 1826 — Battle of GanjaBattle
- 1826 — Battle of ShamkirBattle
- 1826 — Chernigov Regiment revoltRebellion
- 1826 — Battle of JavadBattle
- 1826 — Battle of ShamkhorBattle · Russia ▸ Persia
- 1826 — Battle of ShushaBattle · Russia ▸ Persia
- 1826 — Battle of YelizavetpolBattle · Russia ▸ Persia
- 1827 — Battle of NavarinoNaval battle
- 1827 — Battle of OshakanBattle
- 1828 — Treaty of TurkmenchayTreaty
- 1828–1829 — Ninth Russo-Turkish WarWar
- 1828 — Siege of BrailovSiege
- 1828 — Battle of AkhaltsikheBattle · Russia ▸ Ottoman Empire
- 1829 — treaty of AdrianopleTreaty
- 1829 — Capture of BayburtBattle
- 1830–1831 — November UprisingWar
- 1830 — London Protocol of 1830Treaty
- 1830 — Sevastopol plague uprisingRebellion
- 1831 — Battle of DashavBattle
- 1831 — Battle of Aghdash AwkhBattle · Dagestan ▸ Russia
- 1832 — Battle of GimrahBattle · Russia ▸ Murids
- 1834–1835 — Bashkir rebellion of 1834—1835Rebellion
- 1837–1847 — Kenesary Kasymov's UprisingRebellion
- 1839–1841 — Second Egyptian-Ottoman WarWar
- 1839 — Russian colonisation of Central AsiaWar
- 1839 — Battle of AkhulgoBattle · Russia ▸ Dagestan
- 1839 — Battle of BurtinahBattle · Russia ▸ Dagestan
- 1840 — Battle of the Valerik RiverBattle
- 1840 — Siege of LazarevskyBattle
- 1840 — Siege of VelyaminovskySiege
- 1841 — 1841 rebellion in GuriaRebellion
- 1841 — Battle of GogoretiBattle
- 1842–1868 — Russian conquest of BukharaWar
- 1842 — Battle of DarghiyyaBattle · Murids ▸ Russia
- 1845 — Battle of DarghiyyaBattle · Murids ▸ Russia
- 1847 — Battle of GirgilBattle · Russia ▸ Dagestan
- 1847 — Battle of SaltahBattle · Russia ▸ Dagestan
- 1848–1849 — Hungarian Revolution of 1848Revolution
- 1849 — Battle of DebrecenBattle
- 1849 — Battle of Predeal PassBattle
- 1850–1868 — Russian-Kokand WarWar
- 1853–1856 — Crimean WarWar
- 1853 — Battle of AkhaltsikheBattle
- 1853 — Battle of PitsundaNaval battle
- 1853 — Battle of ShekvetiliBattle
- 1853 — Battle of ZakatalyBattle · Russia ▸ Dagestan
- 1854 — Battle of BalaclavaBattle
- 1854–1855 — Siege of SevastopolSiege
- 1854 — Siege of PetropavlovskSiege
- 1854 — Battle of BomarsundBattle
- 1854 — Battle of the CholokiBattle
- 1854 — Battle of NigoitiBattle
- 1854 — Battle of AlmaBattle · United Kingdom, France ▸ Russia
- 1854 — Battle of BalaklavaBattle
- 1854 — Battle of CholokBattle · Russia ▸ Ottoman Empire
- 1854 — Battle of InkermanBattle · United Kingdom, France ▸ Russia
- 1854 — Battle of Kuruk-DarBattle · Russia ▸ Ottoman Empire
- 1854 — Battle of OdessaBattle · United Kingdom ▸ Russia
- 1854 — Battle of PetropavloskBattle · Russia ▸ France, United Kingdom
- 1855 — Battle of the ChernayaBattle
- 1855 — Battle of KinburnNaval battle
- 1855 — Battle of SuomenlinnaBattle
- 1855 — Battle of the Great RedanBattle
- 1855 — Battle of EnguriBattle
- 1855 — Battle of KanghilBattle
- 1855 — Hanko massacreMassacre
- 1855 — Battle of EupatoriaBattle · Ottoman Empire ▸ Russia
- 1855 — Battle of IngurBattle · Ottoman Empire ▸ Russia
- 1855 — Battle of KerchBattle · United Kingdom, France, Turkey ▸ Russia
- 1855 — Battle of Malakov (1st)Battle · Russia ▸ France, United Kingdom
- 1855 — Battle of Malakov (2nd)Battle · United Kingdom, France ▸ Russia
- 1855 — Battle of Redan (1st)Battle · Russia ▸ United Kingdom
- 1855 — Battle of Redan (2nd)Battle · United Kingdom, France ▸ Russia
- 1855 — Battle of SveaborgBattle · Russia ▸ United Kingdom, France
- 1858 — Ansei TreatiesTreaty
- 1858–1895 — Treaty of Amity and Commerce between Russia and JapanTreaty
- 1858 — Paris Convention (1858)Treaty
- 1859 — Battle of GhunibSiege
- 1859 — Capture of VedenoBattle
- 1859 — Battle of GunibBattle · Russia ▸ Murids
- 1860 — Convention of PekingTreaty
- 1860 — Battle of UzunogochBattle
- 1863 — Alvensleben ConventionTreaty
- 1863 — Battle of KadyszemBattle
- 1863 — Battle of PoryckiemBattle
- 1864 — Treaty of TarbagataiTreaty
- 1864 — Règlement OrganiqueTreaty
- 1864 — Battle of IcanBattle
- 1865 — Battle of TashkentBattle · Russia ▸ Khanate of Bokhara
- 1866 — Uprising of Polish political exiles in SiberiaRebellion
- 1866 — Siege of KhujandSiege
- 1867 — Alaska PurchaseTreaty
- 1868 — Siege of SamarkandBattle
- 1868 — Battle of ZerabulakBattle
- 1870 — Siege of Fort AlexandrovskogoSiege
- 1872 — Kreenholm strikeUprising
- 1873 — League of the Three EmperorsTreaty
- 1873 — Khiva campaign (1873)Battle
- 1873 — Battle of KhivaBattle · Russia ▸ Khanate of Bokhara
- 1875 — Treaty of Saint PetersburgTreaty
- 1876–1878 — First Serbian–Ottoman WarWar
- 1876 — Reichstadt AgreementTreaty
- 1876 — Battle of AndizhanBattle · Russia ▸ Khanate of Khokand
- 1877 — Sukhumi landingBattle
- 1879 — Treaty of LivadiaTreaty
- 1879 — Battle of Geok TepeBattle · Tekkes Tribesmen ▸ Russia
- 1881 — Three Emperors' AllianceTreaty
- 1881 — Battle of Geok TepeBattle · Russia ▸ Tekkes Tribesmen
- 1883 — Żyrardów strikeUprising
- 1884 — Russia–Korea Treaty of 1884Treaty
- 1885 — Battle of PandjehBattle · Russia ▸ Afghanistan
- 1885 — Battle of PenjdehBattle · Russia ▸ Afghanistan
- 1889 — Yakutsk massacreMassacre
- 1889 — Battle of New MoscowBattle
- 1894 — Franco-Russian AllianceTreaty
- 1894 — Kražiai massacreMassacre
- 1896 — Li–Lobanov TreatyTreaty
- 1896 — Yamagata–Lobanov AgreementTreaty
Facts from Wikidata (CC0), HCED (CC0) and Cliopatria (CC BY 4.0); overview excerpted from Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0).