State
Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth
historical multinational monarchist state in Eastern Europe (Crown of the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania)
- This boundary
- 1569–1795
- Founded
- 1569
- Ended
- 1795
- Capital
- Kraków, Warsaw, Vilnius
- Government
- hereditary monarchy, elective monarchy, constitutional monarchy
- Languages
- Polish, Ruthenian, Latin
- Preceded by
- Kingdom of Poland
Overview
The Polish–Lithuanian Commonwealth, also referred to as Poland–Lithuania or the First Polish Republic (Polish: I Rzeczpospolita), was a federative real union between the Kingdom of Poland and the Grand Duchy of Lithuania, existing from 1569 to 1795. This state was among the largest, most populated countries of 16th- to 18th-century Europe. At its peak in the early 17th century, the Commonwealth spanned approximately 1,000,000 km2 (390,000 sq mi) and supported a multi-ethnic population of around 12 million as of 1618. The official languages of the Commonwealth were Polish and Latin, with Catholicism as the state religion.
All rulers (53)
- Bolesław I the Brave1025
- Mieszko II1025–1031
- Bolesław II the Generous1076–1079
- Henry I the Bearded1201–1238
- Mindaugas1236–1253
- Treniota1263–1264
- Wojsiełk1264–1267
- Shvarn1267–1269
- Traidenis1269–1282
- Butigeidis1282–1292
- Butvydas1292–1296
- Przemysł II1295–1296
- Vytenis1295–1316
- Wenceslaus II of Bohemia1300–1305
- Wenceslaus III of Bohemia1305–1306
- Henry of Bohemia1306
- Rudolf I of Bohemia1306–1307
- Henry of Bohemia1307–1310
- John of Bohemia1310–1333
- Władysław I the Elbow-high1320–1333
- Casimir III the Great1333–1370
- Jaunutis1341–1345
- Algirdas1345–1377
- Louis I of Hungary1370–1382
- Kęstutis1381–1382
- Jadwiga I of Poland1384–1399
- Władysław II Jagiełło1386–1434
- Vytautas1392–1430
- Švitrigaila / Svidrigiello1430–1432
- Sigismund Kęstutaitis1432–1440
- Władysław III of Poland1434–1444
- Casimir IV Jagiellon1440–1492
- Casimir IV Jagiellon1447–1492
- John I Albert1492–1501
- Alexander Jagiellon1501–1506
- Sigismund I the Old1507–1548
- Sigismund II Augustus1530–1572
- Henry III of France1573–1574
- Anna Jagiellon1575–1596
- Stephen Báthory1576–1586
- Sigismund III Vasa1587–1632
- Władysław IV Vasa1632–1648
- John II Casimir Vasa1648–1668
- Michał Korybut Wiśniowiecki1669–1673
- John III Sobieski1674–1696
- Augustus II the Strong1697–1706
- Stanisław Leszczyński1704–1709
- Augustus II the Strong1709–1733
- Stanisław Leszczyński1733–1736
- Augustus III of Poland1733–1763
- Augustus III of Poland1734–1763
- Stanisław August Poniatowski1764–1795
- Nicholas II of Russia1894–1916
Records (345)
- 1558–1583 — Livonian WarWar
- 1577–1582 — Livonian campaign of Stephen BáthoryCampaign
- 1577 — Battle of LubieszówBattle
- 1577 — Battle of DanzigBattle · Poland ▸ Danzig, Denmark
- 1577 — Battle of LubieszowBattle · Poland ▸ Danzig
- 1577 — Battle of WendenBattle · Russia ▸ Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
- 1578 — Battles of WendenBattle
- 1578 — Battle of WendenBattle · Poland ▸ Russia
- 1579 — Siege of PolotskSiege
- 1580 — Siege of Velikiye LukiSiege
- 1580 — Battle of ToropetsBattle
- 1580 — Battle of ZavolotchiaBattle
- 1581–1582 — Siege of PskovBattle
- 1581 — Battle of Mogilev (1581)Battle
- 1581 — Battle of ShklovBattle
- 1582 — Truce of Yam-ZapolskyTreaty
- 1587 — Siege of KrakówBattle
- 1587 — Siege of OlsztynSiege
- 1587 — Battle of KorzkwiąBattle
- 1588 — Battle of ByczynaBattle
- 1589 — Belotserkovsky UprisingRebellion
- 1593–1606 — Long WarWar
- 1593 — Battle of PiatkaBattle
- 1593–1595 — Polish-Ottoman War of 1593-1595War
- 1595 — Battle of CecoraBattle
- 1596 — Battle of LubnyBattle · Poles ▸ Cossacks
- 1598 — Battle of StegeborgBattle
- 1600–1611 — Polish–Swedish War of 1600–11War
- 1600 — Battle of KarksiBattle
- 1600 — Battle of BucovBattle
- 1600 — Battle of KhotinBattle · Wallachia ▸ Moldavia
- 1601 — Battle of KokenhausenBattle
- 1601 — Battle of WendenBattle
- 1601 — Siege of WolmarSiege
- 1602 — Battle of RevalBattle
- 1602 — Siege of FellinSiege
- 1602 — Siege of WeissensteinSiege
- 1603 — Battle of RakvereBattle
- 1603 — Battle of DorpatBattle · Poland ▸ Sweden
- 1604 — Battle of WeissensteinBattle
- 1605–1618 — Polish–Muscovite WarWar
- 1605 — Battle of KircholmBattle
- 1605 — Battle of KirkholmBattle · Poland ▸ Sweden
- 1606 — Battle of UdyczBattle
- 1606 — Battle of JanowiecBattle · Poland ▸ Polish Rebel Lords
- 1607 — Battle of GuzówBattle
- 1607 — Battle of GuzowBattle · Sigismund III ▸ Polish Rebel Aristocrats
- 1608 — Capture of DaugavgrīvaBattle
- 1608 — Battle of KhodynkaBattle · False Dmitri ▸ Tsar Basil Shuiski
- 1609–1611 — Siege of SmolenskSiege
- 1609 — Siege of PärnuBattle
- 1609 — Battle of SalisBattle
- 1609 — Battle of DaugavgrivaBattle
- 1609 — Battle of KalyazinBattle
- 1610 — Battle of KlushinoBattle
- 1610 — Battle of Tsarowy ZajmiszczBattle
- 1610 — Siege of CzernichowaBattle
- 1612 — Battle of MoscowBattle
- 1612 — Siege of VolokolamskBattle
- 1612 — Siege of KurskBattle
- 1612 — Battle of MezyrowemBattle
- 1617–1618 — Polish–Swedish War of 1617-18War
- 1617–1618 — Siege of KalugaSiege
- 1617–1618 — Siege of BelySiege
- 1617 — Battle of RigaBattle · Sweden ▸ Poland
- 1618 — Truce of DeulinoTreaty
- 1618 — Siege of MoscowBattle
- 1618 — Battle of OryninBattle
- 1620–1621 — Polish–Ottoman War of 1620–1621War
- 1620 — Battle of CecoraBattle
- 1621 — Battle of KhotynBattle
- 1621–1625 — Polish–Swedish War of 1621–25War
- 1621 — Siege of RigaSiege
- 1621 — Battle of KroppenhofBattle
- 1621 — Battle of KhotinBattle · Poland ▸ Ottoman Empire
- 1621 — Battle of MitauBattle · Poland ▸ Sweden
- 1624 — Battle of MartynówBattle
- 1624 — Battle of ShmankivtsiBattle
- 1624 — Battle of MartynowBattle · Poland ▸ Tatars
- 1625 — Siege of KokneseSiege
- 1625 — Battle of DorpatBattle · Sweden ▸ Poland
- 1626–1629 — Polish–Swedish War of 1626–1629War
- 1626 — Battle of WallhofBattle
- 1626 — Battle of Bila Tserkva (1626)Battle
- 1626 — Battle of GniewBattle
- 1626 — Battle of WendenBattle
- 1626 — Battle of MeweBattle · Poland ▸ Sweden
- 1627 — Battle of OliwaNaval battle
- 1627 — Battle of DirschauBattle
- 1627 — Naval Battle near HelNaval battle
- 1627 — Battle of CzarneBattle
- 1627 — Battle of KasemarkBattle · Poland ▸ Sweden
- 1627 — Battle of TczewBattle · Poland ▸ Sweden
- 1628 — Battle of OstródaBattle
- 1628 — Battle of TreidenBattle
- 1629 — Battle of TrzcianaBattle
- 1629 — Battle of GórznoBattle
- 1629 — Battle of GorznoBattle · Sweden ▸ Poland
- 1629 — Battle of SztumBattle · Poland ▸ Sweden
- 1630 — Battle of PereiaslavBattle · Cossacks ▸ Poland
- 1632–1634 — Smolensk WarWar
- 1632–1633 — Siege of SmolenskSiege
- 1632 — Siege of DorogobuzhSiege
- 1633–1634 — Polish–Ottoman War of 1633–34War
- 1633 — Battle of PaniowceBattle
- 1633 — Siege of PutyvlBattle
- 1633 — Battle of Sasowym RogiemBattle
- 1633–1634 — Battle of SmoleńskiemBattle
- 1634 — Siege of BelayaSiege
- 1637 — Battle of KumeykiBattle
- 1637 — Battle of KumeikyBattle · Poland ▸ Cossacks
- 1638 — Ostryanyn UprisingRebellion
- 1638 — Battle of ŻowninBattle
- 1638 — Battle of GovtvaBattle
- 1638 — Battle of ZhovnyneBattle · Poland ▸ Cossack Rebels
- 1639 — Treaty of Naples (1639)Treaty
- 1644 — Battle of OchmatówBattle
- 1644 — Battle of OkhmatovBattle · Poland ▸ Tatars
- 1648 — Battle of Zhovti VodyBattle
- 1648 — Battle of KorsuńBattle
- 1648 — Battle of PyliavtsiBattle
- 1648 — Battle of StarokostiantynivBattle
- 1648 — Siege of Zamość (1648)Battle
- 1648 — Battle of PohostBattle
- 1648 — Siege of LvovSiege
- 1648 — Siege of KodakSiege
- 1648 — Pina Uprising of 1648Rebellion
- 1648 — Battle of KorsunBattle · Cossacks, Crimean Tatars ▸ Poland
- 1648 — Battle of PilawceBattle · Cossacks ▸ Poland, German Mercenaries
- 1649 — Siege of ZbarazhBattle
- 1649 — Battle of ZborivBattle
- 1649 — Battle of LoyewBattle
- 1649 — Battle of MazyrBattle
- 1649 — Battle of ZahalBattle
- 1649 — Battle of ZborovBattle · Cossacks, Tatars ▸ Poland
- 1651 — Battle of BerestechkoBattle
- 1651 — Battle of LoyewBattle
- 1651 — Battle of Bila TserkvaBattle
- 1651 — Battle of KrasneBattle
- 1651 — Battle of KopychyntsiBattle
- 1651 — Capture of Kyiv (1651)Siege
- 1651 — Battle of BeresteczkoBattle · Poland ▸ Cossacks, Tatar Khanate
- 1652 — Battle of BatihBattle
- 1652 — Battle of BatohBattle · Cossacks ▸ Poland
- 1653 — Battle of ZhvanetsBattle
- 1653 — Siege of SuczawaSiege
- 1653 — Battle of MonastyryshcheBattle
- 1654–1667 — Russo-Polish WarWar
- 1654 — Battle of ShepelevicheBattle
- 1654 — Battle of ShklowBattle
- 1654 — Siege of MstislavSiege
- 1654 — Battle of Nowa WodaBattle
- 1654 — Siege of SmolenskSiege
- 1654 — Battle of SzepieleBattle · Russia ▸ Lithuanian-Polish Commonwealth
- 1655–1660 — Second Northern WarWar
- 1655–1660 — DelugeWar
- 1655 — Siege of Jasna GóraSiege
- 1655 — Battle of VilniusBattle
- 1655 — Battle of UjścieBattle
- 1655 — Battle of SobotaBattle
- 1655 — Battle of HorodokBattle
- 1655 — Battle of OkhmativBattle
- 1655 — Siege of KrakówBattle
- 1655 — Battle of ŻarnówBattle
- 1655 — Battle of Nowy Dwór MazowieckiBattle
- 1655 — Battle of OzernaBattle
- 1655 — Battle of WojniczBattle
- 1655 — Siege of LvivSiege
- 1655 — Battle of KrosnoBattle
- 1655 — Battle of Kościanem (1655)Battle
- 1655 — Battle of CracowBattle · Sweden ▸ Poland
- 1655 — Battle of Jasna GoraBattle · Poland ▸ Sweden
- 1655 — Battle of LvovBattle · Poland, Crimean Tatars ▸ Russia, Cossacks
- 1655 — Battle of Nowy DworBattle · Sweden ▸ Poland
- 1655 — Battle of OkhmatovBattle · Russia, Cossacks ▸ Poland, Tatar Khanate
- 1655 — Battle of OpocznoBattle · Sweden ▸ Poland
- 1655 — Battle of OzernoeBattle · Russia, Ukraine ▸ Poland, Tatars
- 1655 — Battle of UjscieBattle · Sweden ▸ Poland
- 1656 — Battle of WarsawBattle
- 1656 — Battle of ProstkenBattle
- 1656 — Battle of WarkaBattle
- 1656 — Battle of GołąbBattle
- 1656 — Battle of FilipówBattle
- 1656 — Siege of WarsawBattle
- 1656 — Battle of ŁowiczBattle
- 1656 — Battle of JarosławBattle
- 1656 — Battle of KłeckoBattle
- 1656 — Battle of ChojniceBattle
- 1656 — Battle of NiskoBattle
- 1656 — Battle of TykocinBattle
- 1656 — Battle of LubrzeBattle
- 1656 — Battle of KozieniceBattle
- 1656 — Battle of KcyniaBattle
- 1656 — Siege of ZamośćSiege
- 1656 — Battle of Baranów SandomierskiBattle
- 1656 — Battle of GnesenBattle · Sweden ▸ Poland
- 1656 — Battle of GolabBattle · Sweden ▸ Poland
- 1656 — Battle of SandomierzBattle · Sweden ▸ Poland
- 1657 — Siege of KrakówBattle
- 1657 — Battle of MagierówBattle
- 1657 — Battle of Czarny OstrówBattle
- 1657 — Capture of Warsaw (1657)Battle
- 1657 — Transylvanian campaign into Poland (1657)War
- 1657 — Battle of TrembowlaBattle · Crimean Tatars ▸ Transylvania
- 1658 — Battle of KoldingBattle
- 1658 — Battle of WerkiBattle
- 1658–1659 — Siege of KaunasSiege
- 1658 — Siege of ToruńBattle
- 1658 — Battle of KievBattle · Russia, Kievan Cossacks ▸ Cossacks, Tatars
- 1659 — Battle of KonotopBattle
- 1659 — Battle of MyadelBattle
- 1660 — Battle of PolonkaBattle
- 1660 — Battle of ChudnivBattle
- 1660 — Battle of BasyaBattle
- 1660 — Siege of LyakhavichyBattle
- 1660 — Battle of LyubarBattle
- 1660 — Battle of SlobodyshcheBattle
- 1660 — Siege of BorysowaBattle
- 1660 — Siege of MohylewaBattle
- 1660 — Battle of KutyszczeBattle
- 1660 — Battle of ChudnovBattle · Poland, Tatars ▸ Russia
- 1660 — Battle of LiubarBattle · Poland, Tatar Khanate ▸ Russia
- 1660 — Battle of SlobodyszczeBattle · Poland ▸ Cossacks
- 1661 — Battle of KushlikiBattle
- 1661 — Mogilev uprising (1661)Rebellion
- 1664 — Battle of StavishcheBattle
- 1664 — Siege of HlukhivBattle
- 1664 — Battle of Vitebsk (1664)Battle
- 1665 — Battle of Częstochową (1665)Battle
- 1666 — Battle of ŚcianąBattle
- 1666 — Battle of MatwyBattle
- 1667 — Truce of AndrusovoTreaty
- 1667 — Battle of PodhajceBattle
- 1670 — Battle of Nowym TargiemBattle
- 1671 — Battle of KalnikBattle
- 1671 — Battle of BracławBattle
- 1672–1676 — Polish–Ottoman War of 1672–1676War
- 1672 — Siege of KamenetsSiege
- 1672 — Lipka RebellionRebellion
- 1672 — Battle of ŁadyżynBattle
- 1672 — Battle of KomarnoBattle
- 1672 — Battle of NiemirówBattle
- 1672 — Battle of KrasnobródBattle
- 1672 — Siege of LvivBattle
- 1672 — Jan Sobieski's expedition against the Tatar chambulsCampaign
- 1672 — Battle of KalushBattle
- 1673 — Battle of KhotynBattle
- 1673 — Battle of KhotinBattle · Poland ▸ Ottoman Empire
- 1674 — Siege of BarSiege
- 1675 — Battle of LwówBattle
- 1675 — Battle of TrembowlaBattle
- 1675 — Battle of LvovBattle · Ottoman Empire, Tatars ▸ Poland
- 1675 — Battle of ZloczowBattle · Poland ▸ Ottoman Empire, Crimean Tatar Khanate
- 1676 — Battle of ŻurawnoBattle
- 1676 — Battle of VoinylivBattle
- 1676 — Battle of SoczawaBattle · Poland, Lithuania ▸ Ottoman Empire, Tatars
- 1676 — Battle of ZurawnoBattle · Poland ▸ Turkey, Tatar Khanate
- 1677 — Battle of ChigirinBattle · Russia ▸ Ottoman Empire
- 1678 — Battle of ChigirinBattle · Turkey ▸ Russia
- 1683 — Battle of ViennaBattle
- 1683–1699 — Great Turkish WarWar
- 1683–1699 — Polish–Ottoman War of 1683–99War
- 1683 — Battle of PárkányBattle
- 1683–1684 — Kunicki's expedition on the Right-bank and MoldaviaCampaign
- 1683 — Battle of ZynkowemBattle
- 1684–1691 — Moldavian campaign (1684–1691)War
- 1684 — Battle of JazłowiecBattle
- 1685 — Battle of BoianyBattle
- 1688 — Battle of NowosiółkąBattle
- 1691 — Battle of PererîtaBattle
- 1694 — Battle of HodówBattle
- 1694 — Battle of UstechkoBattle
- 1695 — Battle of Lwów (1695)Battle
- 1698 — Battle of PodhajceBattle
- 1699 — Treaty of PreobrazhenskoyeTreaty
- 1699 — Treaty of DresdenTreaty
- 1699 — Battle of MartynówBattle
- 1700–1721 — Great Northern WarWar
- 1700 — Battle of OlkienikiBattle
- 1702 — Battle of KlissowBattle
- 1702 — Battle of VilniusBattle
- 1702 — Siege of Bila TserkvaSiege
- 1702 — Battle of KliszowBattle · Sweden ▸ Poland, Saxony
- 1703 — Battle of PułtuskBattle
- 1703 — Battle of PultuskBattle · Sweden ▸ Saxony
- 1703 — Battle of ThornBattle · Sweden ▸ Poland, Saxony
- 1704 — Battle of JekabpilsBattle · Sweden, Lithuania ▸ Russia, Poland
- 1704 — Battle of PoznanBattle · Sweden ▸ Saxony, Poland
- 1704 — Battle of PunitzBattle · Sweden ▸ Russia, Saxony, Poland
- 1705 — Battle of WarsawBattle
- 1705 — Battle of GemauerthofBattle · Sweden ▸ Russia
- 1706 — Battle of KaliszBattle
- 1706 — Battle of FraustadtBattle · Sweden ▸ Russia, Saxony
- 1706 — Battle of KalischBattle · Saxony, Russia ▸ Sweden
- 1708 — Battle of KoniecpolBattle
- 1708 — Battle of GrodnoBattle · Sweden ▸ Russia
- 1708 — Battle of HolowczynBattle · Sweden ▸ Russia
- 1708 — Battle of LesnayaBattle · Sweden ▸ Russia
- 1708 — Battle of MalatitzeBattle
- 1715 — Battle of RadogoszcząBattle
Facts from Wikidata (CC0), HCED (CC0) and Cliopatria (CC BY 4.0); overview excerpted from Wikipedia (CC BY-SA 4.0).